Cats who knead, otherwise known as “kitten pumps,” “cat massage,” or “making biscuits,” are remembering childhood with their mother, pumping for more breast milk. It’s one of the ways that cats show affection.

Sometimes they purr when they knead, alternating front paws. Sometimes they use all four paws in a rhythmic stroke.

Here’s how Freya does it:

Some pet experts believe that kneading motions are a remembrance of the wild when cats had to make beds outdoors. Others believe that the motion helps mark a human as theirs, spreading their scent.

Many, like me, believe the gesture is a sign of affection or comfort. The more cats feel it, the harder they knead, which can be painful if their claws aren’t properly clipped. But it’s a pain most guardians endure because of its precious qualities.

Cats knead because we need them.